Under Tokyo city, lies huge massive water storage and discharging systems to prevent flooding of Tokyo city in rain seasons. The construction of these huge water discharge system is part of a continous love of Japan in constructing massive structures. Alex Kerr had mentioned this state of love deeply in his book Dogs and Demons.

A “construction state” – or doken kokka – has effectively taken over the Japanese economy, according to Gavan McCormack in the New Left Review, as referenced by Geoff Manaugh in his BldgBlog. The doken kokka, he writes, “is opaque, unaccountable, and therefore hard to reform. Essentially, it enables the country’s powerful bureaucrats to channel the population’s life savings into a wide range of debt-encrusted public bodies – those in charge of highways, bridge-building, dams and development initiatives,” and that means “promising new public-works projects,” thus “concreting the archipelago.”